In the last article we discussed some aspects of designing stairs for your new home. Designing stairs in your new home
​In this article I discuss stair design further.
When designing staircases or flights of steps it’s important to consider the following:

• The stairs must be well lit. Dark areas and shadows are dangerous and could lead to falls.
• The difference in elevation from the top floor to the lower floor.
• The regulations – which usually specify minimum widths, the height and depth of each step and the handrail requirements.
• Ideal dimensions are:
  • The width of the staircase should not be less than 900 millimetres (3 feet) (preferably wider – 1200 to 1500 millimetres (4 to 5 feet)).
  • The height of each step (riser) should be between 115 millimetres and 190 millimetres (4.5 to 7.5 inches).
  • The depth of each stair tread (going) should be between 240 mm and 350 mm (9.5 to 14 inches).
• The layout of the house. What’s the desired starting point for the stairs and the desired end point. You probably don’t want stairs ending inside a bedroom!
• Stair treads must be non-slip.
• Preferably the edge of the stair should be visibly different, so the demarcation between different stairs is clearly visible.
• There shouldn’t be any trip hazards at the top or bottom of the steps, so the finish on the stairs should merge seamlessly into the surrounding floor levels.
• The size of the risers (height of each step) must be a constant height - measured from finished top surface to finished top surface. The depth of each tread or step must be a constant size. To obtain the required number of steps divide the difference in elevation from the top to the lower floor (measuring from finished floor levels including the thickness of tiles, carpets, timber, etc) by a number between 115 mm and 190 mm (the desired range of step heights). Obviously the number of steps must be a whole number. Using the closest whole number of steps it’s then possible to work out the required height of each stair which must be in the range above (divide the nearest whole number of stairs into the height from bottom floor to top floor to get the height of each step). Regrettably many designers forget to take into account the thickness of the carpets, tiles or timber covering the steps and the lower and upper floors. Frequently we see evidence of this when the first step is shorter or higher than the other steps, or the top step is shorter or higher than the other steps. Not only is this unsightly but it can lead to people tripping and falling.
• They should have a handrail on at least one side.
• There should be a balustrade or wall to prevent anyone (especially small children) falling off the side of the stairs.
• Doors opening onto the stairs, or at the top of the stairs, shouldn’t open in such a way that the door could hit a person walking up or down the stairs, thus causing them to fall.
• It’s important when designing and constructing the stairs to know what the floor finish will be on the steps as well as on the lower and upper floors. If the stairs haven’t been designed to take account of these finished levels you could find that the bottom and top stair heights are different to the rest of the step heights.
• Your budget. Curved staircases are usually more expensive, as are some floor finishes, materials and balustrades.
• The finish to the stairs should be reasonably tough and hard wearing as stairs usually take more traffic than the rest of the floors and you also don’t want the edges of the stairs to become chipped and bashed.

Landings (which are flat areas part way up the flight of stairs) allow space for stairs to turn sharp corners and also provide a rest break for people walking up the stairs.

It’s important to remember that stairs are often the only way to move furniture up and down to other levels. Stairs that are narrow, steep, or that have sharp corners can make moving furniture difficult.
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Staircases should be designed by an engineer when they are only supported at the bottom and the top.

It's important to get the design, position and construction of the steps in your house right. Poorly designed or constructed steps can be a hazard, a nuisance, and even detract from your home. While steps positioned in the right place, designed well and built correctly can add value to your new home.

​This article is adapted from information in the book 'An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses Part 2: Finding Your Ideal Property and Designing Your Dream Home' by Paul Netscher.
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Paul Netscher has written 2 easy to read books 'An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses - Volumes 1 and 2'. An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses Volume 1 deals with Hiring Contractors, Managing Construction and Finishing Your Home.  and Designing your ideal home Volume 2 deals with Finding Your Ideal Property and Designing Your Dream Home. 
​("Great for those that DIY. Very helpful in home renovations!" said a Reader on Amazon.com 5*****)
These books are available from Amazon and other online bookstores in paper and ebook.
© 2020 This article is not to be reproduced for commercial purposes without written permission from the author.

Some homes have more than one level. Depending on the height difference the different levels are connected by steps. There could be only one or two steps for small level differences, or they could be a flight of stairs going from a ground floor to a second, and even a third floor. Some homes have grand staircases which create a statement and add to the feeling of opulence of the home. Stairs take up space and so are often squeezed into awkward spaces. Regularly steps are poorly designed and they are hazardous, or at best inconvenient. Every year countless people are seriously injured falling down (and even up) stairs. None of us would like to see a family member injured, but equally important is to ensure the safety of visitors. Poorly designed stairs can make the house less saleable.

Stairs should be designed and placed so that they’re an attractive feature, while being practical and safe.

Flights of stairs connecting one floor to another could be in a straight line, they could turn through a right angle part way up, they could turn back on themselves, they can gently curve, or they may form a tight spiral. Ladders are often used to access storage attics.

Steps can be solid and in some cases it’s possible to fit small rooms or toilets under the staircases which means that space isn’t wasted. Alternatively the staircases can be ‘floating’ over the room.

Stairs can be constructed from concrete, timber, steel, glass and aluminium. The stair treads can be covered with carpets, tiles or timber, or the treads can be glass or punched metal.
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Sometimes stairs are useful to allow external light to penetrate to a lower level. This could be from a skylight over the stairs, or from windows on the stairs.

In general, stairs shouldn’t be located in the middle of the room where they not only disrupt the layout of the room, but they could create an unexpected trip hazard.

Stairs are a problem for the elderly and those with mobility problems. Consideration may have to be given to constructing your home on one level. Where it’s necessary to have one or two steps going to a lower level consider replacing these with a ramp, although a ramp requires more space. When budgets and space allow, it’s possible to include a lift or elevator for moving from the ground level to upper floors. Note that even with a lift, stairs are still required as an alternate access in an emergency. Alternatively consider designing your staircase so that it’s wide enough and with suitable balustrades so that a chair lift can be added now or in the future.

In the next article we will discuss what you should consider when designing stairs.
Read Ensure the steps in your house are not a hazard or a nuisance

​This article is adapted from information in the book 'An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses Part 2: Finding Your Ideal Property and Designing Your Dream Home' by Paul Netscher.
​
Paul Netscher has written 2 easy to read books 'An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses - Volumes 1 and 2'. An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses Volume 1 deals with Hiring Contractors, Managing Construction and Finishing Your Home.  and Designing your ideal home Volume 2 deals with Finding Your Ideal Property and Designing Your Dream Home. 
​("Great for those that DIY. Very helpful in home renovations!" said a Reader on Amazon.com 5*****)

Contractors were renovating this house and doing work in the basement when the house collapsed and brought down the neighbouring house as well. Read more

Don't bring your house down when renovating and remodelling. For more info read:  Before removing walls or adding new windows and doors check your house will not fall down and Before removing an internal wall for your house renovation consider this

Two weeks ago we discussed The Benefits of Green Building - Environmentally Sustainable Buildings 
​Last week we discussed How to make your home green and environmentally friendly and save money

But you should also consider other ways to make your home more environmentally friendly, which include:

• Limiting the impact of the building on environmentally sensitive areas. For instance you shouldn’t be draining wetlands, or constructing in sensitive dune areas. You should wherever possible keep the existing trees and vegetation. Sensible site selection and sensitive positioning of the house on the property can make a difference to the impact your house has on the natural surroundings.
• Using materials which have a low energy input and come from sustainable resources.
• Not incorporating materials which have caused undue damage to the environment, or impacted the health and well-being of those who have worked with the materials, or who have lived in the vicinity of where the materials were produced.
• Making use of recycled materials where possible.
• Using materials which can be easily recycled.
• Using materials that won’t be harmful to people when the house reaches the end of its life and gets demolished.
• Considering the life-cycle of appliances. Install those which are reliable and can easily be repaired if necessary. Replacing appliances is expensive and it requires more resources from the environment.
• Allowing place in the garden to grow herbs and vegetables.
• Providing a place for a compost bin for kitchen waste and garden cuttings.

A green building starts with the materials and equipment incorporated in the building. Where did the products come from – was the environment harmed? How was the product made – were harmful products discharged into the air, rivers or the ocean? Were people adversely impacted by the product’s harvesting and mining? Unfortunately many products which are touted as being green aren’t, and their continued use actually does more harm to the environment. We should all be sensitive to the environmental impact of our house. People are becoming more sensitive to environmental issues and governments are being forced to take a tougher stand on products and processes which aren’t sustainable or harm the environment. ​

Legislation often stipulates products and processes which must be incorporated into new houses. There are ratings which classify how green or environmentally friendly buildings are, and ratings that categorise the energy efficiency of a building. Often legislation specifies the minimum rating required.

Of course designing a product that fits with the environment it’s situated in can also be categorised as being environmentally friendly. Monstrous buildings that clash with their surroundings, or stick out like the proverbial sore thumb, are blights on the landscape.

​This article is adapted from information in the book 'An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses Part 2: Finding Your Ideal Property and Designing Your Dream Home' by Paul Netscher.
​
Paul Netscher has written 2 easy to read books 'An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses - Volumes 1 and 2'. An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses Volume 1 deals with Hiring Contractors, Managing Construction and Finishing Your Home.  and Designing your ideal home Volume 2 deals with Finding Your Ideal Property and Designing Your Dream Home. 
​("Great for those that DIY. Very helpful in home renovations!" said a Reader on Amazon.com 5*****)
These books are available from Amazon and other online bookstores in paper and ebook.
© 2020 This article is not to be reproduced for commercial purposes without written permission from the author.

In a previous article we discussed The Benefits of Green Building - Environmentally Sustainable Buildings

Making a building environmentally friendly and more sustainable doesn’t have to cost lots of money. The cost of incorporating green solutions has come down markedly in the last few years as more people use these solutions. In fact, some of the suggestions below add no extra costs to construction. Many items are simply about making sensible informed decisions. 

 In my next article I will discuss other ways you can make your home building and renovation project environmentally friendly. See More ways to make your home environmentally friendly

This article is adapted from information in the book 'An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses Part 2: Finding Your Ideal Property and Designing Your Dream Home' by Paul Netscher.
​
Paul Netscher has written 2 easy to read books 'An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses - Volumes 1 and 2'. An Introduction to Building and Renovating Houses Volume 1 deals with Hiring Contractors, Managing Construction and Finishing Your Home.  and Designing your ideal home Volume 2 deals with Finding Your Ideal Property and Designing Your Dream Home. 
​("Great for those that DIY. Very helpful in home renovations!" said a Reader on Amazon.com 5*****)
These books are available from Amazon and other online bookstores in paper and ebook.
© 2020 This article is not to be reproduced for commercial purposes without written permission from the author.

Green buildings are buildings which are energy efficient to run, are water efficient minimising the use of water, make use of sustainable construction materials, have a light footprint on the environment, create a healthier home and which minimise waste, both during construction and in the operation of the home.
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Benefits of green buildings are:

• The building is often more pleasant to live in because it’s for example cooler in summer and warmer in winter, or it’s more inclusive of the natural surroundings.
• The building is cheaper to live in since it uses less energy, gas and water.
• They often incorporate materials which are less harmful to those living in the building.
• More people are choosing to buy, or live in buildings that incorporate environmentally sustainable products and that leave a smaller environmental footprint. Your house will be more saleable.

Making a building environmentally friendly and more sustainable doesn’t have to cost lots of money. 
Next week I'll discuss how you can make your home more environmentally sustainable. Read  How to make your home green and environmentally friendly and save moneyand More ways to make your home environmentally friendly

Sewer pipes (wastewater pipes) from your house usually have to be connected to the town system. If there’s no town system, then depending on the regulations, as well as the geology of your property, you may have to construct a sewer storage tank which has to be regularly pumped into a truck. Alternatively it could flow into a septic tank and French drain system. If your house is located in a clayey area, or on rock, then a septic tank and French drain won’t work. Always consult experts if there’s no town sewage system to connect your new house to.
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Sewer pipes can’t flow uphill unless you install a pumping system which is expensive. Sewer pipes feed from the drains in your home's bathrooms and kitchen to the local town system outside your property. Normally sewer pipes should fall at a constant rate of no less than one in sixty (check your local regulations) which means that for every sixty metres (sixty yards) of pipe the lower end must be at least one metre (three foot) below the higher end. This does depend on the type of pipe and building regulations. When there’s insufficient fall the solid material won’t flow down the pipe and results in a blockage.

​Sewer pipes also need to be a minimum level below the ground level so they can’t easily be damaged (they could be squashed or broken by vehicles driving over them, or pierced by gardening tools). Obviously sewer pipes shouldn’t be above ground level where they are unsightly, can be damaged and create an obstruction. The location of bathrooms in houses on large properties, or ones where the location of the town sewer is at the higher end of the property could be dictated by their distance from the town system and the depth of the town sewer pipes relative to the floor level of the bathroom. Pipes near the surface will need protection so they aren’t broken.

Often sewer pipes are deep and are below the other utility lines, so it’s always best to install the sewer lines before the other pipes and cables are installed, and probably at an early stage of construction. Sewer pipes are often installed under floor slabs and are one of the first items to be connected. Always ensure that the open ends of all pipes are adequately protected to prevent sand, concrete and rubbish entering the pipe. 

For more on plumbing and home construction and renovations read this article: Staging plumbing and electrical when building and renovating houses
​And this article:
Understanding plumbing when planning a new home or renovation.